Illinois Territory in the War of 1812

Tensions in the Illinois Territory between U.S. settlers and Native Americans were on the rise in the years before the War of 1812.^[1] At Peoria, Potawatomi chief Main Poc was a supporter of the resistance movement of Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa and his brother Tecumseh.^[1] Raids against American settlers in Illinois increased after the Shawnee brothers’ loss at the Battle of Tippecanoe in the Indiana Territory in 1811.^[1]

There were few U.S. Army soldiers this far west on the frontier. Ninian Edwards, the territorial governor, directed state militia operations. The low point for the Americans came in August 1812, when a large Indian force, primarily Potawatomis, attacked soldiers and civilians as they evacuated Fort Dearborn in Chicago.^[1]

In October 1812, the Americans launched an expedition against the Native villages in the Peoria area. Led by Governor Edwards and Colonel William Russell, they attacked and destroyed Potawatomi and Kickapoo villages, prompting the Natives to abandon the area.^[1] Raids continued, however.

In September 1813, the Americans built Fort Clark in Peoria.^[1] In June 1814, William Clark built Fort Shelby at Prairie du Chien.^[1] The British captured the fort in July and renamed it Fort McKay. Two American attempts to send more troops to Prairie du Chien were turned back by Indian attacks at Rock Island Rapids and Credit Island, the final actions of the War of 1812 in the region.^[1] Hostilities between the U.S. and area Native Americans would resume in the Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832.^[1]

5 million acres of land in the Illinois Territory, between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers below Rock Island was set aside as the Military Tract of 1812 to pay soldiers in land grants for their service. This is over 1/8 of the area of the modern state and included Indian-occupied areas, some of whose displaced inhabitants would later join Blackhawk.

The state of Illinois has a list of 1,500 names of militiamen and officers from original muster rolls although the muster lists are known to be incomplete.^[2]

Further reading

• Edumnds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.
• Ferguson, Gillum. Illinois in the War of 1812. University of Illinois Press, 2012.
• Gilpin, Alec R. The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest. East Lansing, Michigan: The Michigan State University Press, 1958.

References